GMP Pharmaceutical Ampicillin Trihydrate Compacted
Ampicillin Properties
Melting point:
208 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Boiling point:
684ºC
refractive index
265 ° (C=0.1, H2O)
Flash point:
87 °C
storage temp.
2-8°C
solubility
NH
4OH 1 M: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
form
solid
color
white to off-white
pka
2.5 (COOH)(at 25ºC)
Water Solubility
0.1-1 g/100 mL at 21 ºC
Merck
14,586
BRN
5399534
InChIKey
RXDALBZNGVATNY-CWLIKTDRSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference
7177-48-2(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System
4-Thia-1-azabicyclo( 3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 6-[[(2R)-aminophenylacetyl] amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-, trihydrate, (2S,5R,6R)-(7177-48-2)
SAFETY
- Risk and Safety Statements
- Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)
| Symbol(GHS): |
|
| Signal word: |
Danger |
| Hazard statements: |
| Code |
Hazard statements |
Hazard class |
Category |
Signal word |
Pictogram |
P-Codes |
| H315 |
Causes skin irritation |
Skin corrosion/irritation |
Category 2 |
Warning |
|
P264, P280, P302+P352, P321,P332+P313, P362 |
| H317 |
May cause an allergic skin reaction |
Sensitisation, Skin |
Category 1 |
Warning |
|
P261, P272, P280, P302+P352,P333+P313, P321, P363, P501 |
| H319 |
Causes serious eye irritation |
Serious eye damage/eye irritation |
Category 2A |
Warning |
|
P264, P280, P305+P351+P338,P337+P313P |
| H334 |
May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled |
Sensitisation, respiratory |
Category 1 |
Danger |
|
P261, P285, P304+P341, P342+P311,P501 |
| H335 |
May cause respiratory irritation |
Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure;Respiratory tract irritation |
Category 3 |
Warning |
|
|
| H362 |
May cause harm to breast-fed children |
Reproductive toxicity, effects on or via lactation |
Additional category |
|
|
P201, P260, P263, P264, P270,P308+P313 |
|
| Precautionary statements: |
| P201 |
Obtain special instructions before use. |
| P260 |
Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. |
| P261 |
Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. |
| P263 |
Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing. |
| P264 |
Wash hands thoroughly after handling. |
| P264 |
Wash skin thouroughly after handling. |
| P270 |
Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. |
| P280 |
Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. |
| P284 |
Wear respiratory protection. |
| P304+P340 |
IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
| P305+P351+P338 |
IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continuerinsing. |
| P308+P313 |
IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention. |
| P342+P311 |
IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
| P405 |
Store locked up. |
|
Ampicillin Chemical Properties,Uses,Production
Description
As a penicillin group of beta-lactam antibiotics, Ampicillin is the first broad-spectrum penicillin, which has in vitro activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, commonly used for preventing and treating bacterial infections of respiratory tract, urinary tract, middle ear, sinuses, stomach and intestines, bladder, and kidney, etc. caused by susceptible bacteria. It is also used to treat uncomplicated gonorrhea, meningitis, endocarditis salmonellosis, and other serious infections through administered by mouth, intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion. Like all antibiotics, it is not effective for the treatment of viral infections.
Ampicillin functions by killing the bacteria or preventing their growth. After penetrating Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it acts as an irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme transpeptidase needed by bacteria to make the cell wall, which results to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and eventually leads to cell lysis.
Chemical Properties
White or almost white, crystalline powder.
Chemical Properties
Ampicillin in anhydrous form occurs as crystals.
Uses
Penicillin antibacterial.
brand name
Amcill (Parke-Davis); Omnipen (Wyeth-Ayerst); Polycillin (Apothecon); Principen (Apothecon).
Antimicrobial activity
Ampicillin is slightly less active than benzylpenicillin against most Gram-positive bacteria but is more active against E. faecalis. MRSA and strains of Str. pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to benzylpenicillin are resistant. Most group D streptococci, anaerobic Gram-positive cocci and bacilli, including L. monocytogenes, Actinomyces spp. and Arachnia spp., are susceptible. Mycobacteria and nocardia are resistant.
Ampicillin has similar activity to benzylpenicillin against N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis and Mor. catarrhalis. It is 2-8 times more active than benzylpenicillin against H. influenzae and many Enterobacteriaceae, but β-lactamase-producing strains are resistant. Pseudomonas spp. are resistant, but Bordetella, Brucella, Legionella and Campylobacter spp. are often susceptible. Certain Gram-negative anaerobes such as Prevotella melaninogenica and Fusobacterium spp. are susceptible, but B. fragilis is resistant, as are mycoplasmas and rickettsiae.
Activity against molecular class A β-lactamase-producing strains of staphylococci, gonococci, H. influenzae, Mor. catarrhalis, certain Enterobacteriaceae and B. fragilis is enhanced by the presence of β-lactamase inhibitors, specifically clavulanic acid.
Its bactericidal activity resembles that of benzylpenicillin. Bactericidal synergy occurs with aminoglycosides against E. faecalis and many enterobacteria, and with mecillinam against a number of ampicillin-resistant enterobacteria.
Acquired resistance
β-Lactamase-producing pathogens, including most clinical isolates of Staph. aureus, are resistant. Strains of pneumococci, enterococci, gonococci and H. influenzae with altered PBPs have reduced susceptibility to ampicillin. Isolates of N. gonorrhoeae and H. influenzae with a TEM plasmid- mediated β-lactamase (which are more common) are fully resistant. Resistance among H. influenzae is often linked with resistance to chloramphenicol, erythromycin or tetracycline, due to plasmid-encoded resistance markers that are co-transferred with the gene for the TEM enzyme. However, at least 70% of current H. influenzae isolates remain susceptible to ampicillin worldwide.
The widespread use of ampicillin and other aminopenicillins has led to resistance becoming common in formerly susceptible species of enteric pathogens as a result of the widespread dissemination of plasmid-mediated β-lactamases. Surveillance data from North America and Europe indicate less than 50% susceptibility to ampicillin in Esch. coli. At least 90% of current isolates of Mor. catarrhalis are β-lactamaseproducing strains. Ampicillin-resistant strains of salmonellae, notably S. enterica serotypes Typhi and Typhimurium (many of which are also resistant to chloramphenicol, sulfonamides and tetracyclines) present a serious problem in Africa, Asia and South America. Multiresistant strains of shigellae also predominate in many parts of the world.
General Description
Odorless white microcrystalline powder with a bitter taste. A 0.25% solution in water has a pH of 3.5 to 5.5.
Air & Water Reactions
Slightly soluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
Ampicillin absorbs insignificant amounts of moisture at 77° F and relative humidities up to approximately 80%, but under damper conditions Ampicillin absorbs significant amounts. A pH-rate profile reveals specific-acid- and specific-base- catalyzed hydrolysis. The pH of maximum stability is 5.8.
Fire Hazard
Flash point data for Ampicillin are not available; however, Ampicillin is probably combustible.
Contact allergens
Ampicillin caused contact dermatitis in a nurse also sensitized to amoxicillin (with tolerance to oral phenoxymethylpenicillin) and in a pharmaceutical factory worker. Systemic drug reactions are common. Crossreactivity is regular with ampicillin and can occur with other penicillins.
Pharmacokinetics
Oral absorption: 30-40%
C
max 500 mg oral: 3.2 mg/L after c. 2 h
500 mg intramuscular: 5-15 mg/L after 1 h
500 mg intravenous infusion: 12-29 mg/L
Plasma half-life: 1-1.5 h
Volume of distribution: 0.38 L/kg
Plasma protein binding: 20%
Absorption and distribution
Ampicillin is highly stable to acid: in 2 h at pH 2 and 37°C, only 5% of activity is lost. Absorption is impaired when it is given with meals. It is distributed in the extracellular fluid. Adequate concentrations are obtained in serous effusions. Effective CSF levels are obtained only in the presence of inflammation, variable peak concentrations around 3 mg/L being found in the first 3 days of treatment in patients receiving 150 mg/kg per day. It accumulates and persists in the amniotic fluid. Metabolism and excretion
A small proportion is converted to penicilloic acid. About 34% of an oral dose and 60-80% of parenteral doses are recoverable from the urine, where concentrations around 250-1000 mg/L appear. Excretion is partly in the glomerular filtrate and partly by tubular secretion, which can be blocked by probenecid. Impairment of renal function reduces the rate of excretion, the plasma half-life rising to 8-9 h in anuric patients.
Although excretion is mainly renal, up to 50 times the corresponding serum level may be attained in the bile. There is a degree of enterohepatic recirculation and significant quantities appear in the feces. Bioavailability may be affected in severe liver disease.
Clinical Use
Ampicillin, 6-[D-α-aminophenylacetamido]penicillanic acid,D-α-aminobenzylpenicillin (Penbritn, Polycillin, Omnipen,Amcill, Principen), meets another goal of the research onsemisynthetic penicillins-an antibacterial spectrum broaderthan that of penicillin G. This product is active against thesame Gram-positive organisms that are susceptible to otherpenicillins, and it is more active against some Gram-negativebacteria and enterococci than are other penicillins.Obviously, the α-amino group plays an important role in thebroader activity, but the mechanism for its action isunknown. It has been suggested that the amino group confersan ability to cross cell wall barriers that are impenetrableto other penicillins. D-(-)-Ampicillin, prepared from D-(-)-α-aminophenylacetic acid, is significantly more active thanL-(+)-ampicillin.
Ampicillin is water soluble and stable in acid. Theprotonated α-amino group of ampicillin has a pKa of 7.3,46and thus it is protonated extensively in acidic media, whichexplains ampicillin's stability to acid hydrolysis and instabilityto alkaline hydrolysis. It is administered orally andis absorbed from the intestinal tract to produce peak plasmaconcentrations in about 2 hours. Oral doses must be repeatedabout every 6 hours because it is excreted rapidly andunchanged through the kidneys. It is available as a white, crystalline, anhydrous powder that is sparingly soluble inwater or as the colorless or slightly buff-colored crystallinetrihydrate that is soluble in water. Either form may be usedfor oral administration, in capsules or as a suspension.Earlier claims of higher plasma levels for the anhydrousform than for the trihydrate following oral administrationhave been disputed. The white, crystalline sodium salt isvery soluble in water, and solutions for injections should beadministered within 1 hour after being made.
Clinical Use
Isolates should be tested for susceptibility before use, especially for serious infections. For oral therapy, amoxicillin is preferable to ampicillin.
Urinary tract infections
Bacterial meningitis
Respiratory tract infections
Gastrointestinal infections, including typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery Enterococcal endocarditis and septicemia (in combination with an aminoglycoside)
Listeriosis (in combination with an aminoglycoside)
Side effects
Ampicillin is generally free from severe toxicity and, apart from gastrointestinal intolerance, the only significant side effects seen have been rashes. In common with other semisynthetic penicillins, it appears to be less likely than benzylpenicillin to elicit true allergic reactions. However, it is more likely to cause rashes, which are found in approximately 9% of treated patients and which occur more frequently in patients receiving large doses or in renal failure. Rashes occur in 95% of patients with infectious mononucleosis or other lymphoid disorders. This unusual susceptibility disappears when the disease resolves. In keeping with a toxic rather than an allergic origin, skin tests to ampicillin and to mixed-allergen moieties of benzylpenicillin are negative. Since the typical maculopapular rash of ampicillin does not have an allergic origin, its development does not indicate penicillin allergy and is not a contraindication to the use of other penicillins.
Gastrointestinal side effects are relatively common (around 10%) in patients treated with oral ampicillin, and occur in 2-3% of patients given the drug parenterally, presumably as a result of drug entering the gut through the bile. The very young and the old are most likely to suffer. Diarrhea can be sufficiently severe to require withdrawal of treatment and pseudomembranous colitis may occur. Interference with the bowel flora, which is presumably implicated in diarrhea, can also affect enterohepatic recirculation of steroids, and the derangement can be sufficient to impair the absorption of oral contraceptives and affect the interpretation of estriol levels.
Safety Profile
Mildly toxic by ingestion. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SO,xand NOx.
Potential Exposure
Used as an antibiotic.
Shipping
UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material, Technical Name Required.
Incompatibilities
May be incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.
Waste Disposal
It is inappropriate and possibly dangerous to the environment to dispose of expired or waste pharmaceuticals by flushing them down the toilet or discarding them to the trash. Household quantities of expired or waste pharmaceuticals may be mixed with wet cat litter or coffee grounds, double-bagged in plastic, discard in trash. Larger quantities shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.
Ampicillin Preparation Products And Raw materials
Raw materials
Triethylamine Pivaloyl chloride
Preparation Products
6-Aminopenicillanic acid
Audited Supplier 
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